Budget System In Republic Of Macedonia Social Policy Essays

Budget System In Republic Of Macedonia Social Policy Essays Budget System In Republic Of Macedonia Social Policy Essay Budget System In Republic Of Macedonia Social Policy Essay As stated by Jung and Ian, it has to be taken into history that all of the rules that will be discussed farther in this paper are of import, but non equal due to their constitutional significance. This paper evaluates the budget system in Macedonia and all of its environing statute law utilizing the 10 rules as chief standards. At the terminal of the paper, recommendations are being drawn out that should assist the Ministry of Finance in the hereafter to beef up some of the rules these rules in footings of the budget system of Macedonia. EVALUTION Authoritativeness Legislature s authorization The Ministry of Finance is responsible for the readying and executing of the Budget. At the same clip the Ministry is responsible for opening Treasury history which is managed by the Treasure and for describing on the executing of the budget and the budgetary users. Presented holla are the processs that are explicating the duties of the Ministry of Finance and the rule of authoritativeness as defined above. The Minister of Finance is responsible for fixing the Budget of Republic of Macedonia and for the bringing of the Budget to the Government of Republic of Macedonia. [ 2 ] The Ministry of Finance is fixing the Medium Term Fiscal Strategy for a period of three old ages in order to suggest the waies and the ends of the financial policy and is finding the sum of the chief classs of the estimated grosss and approved resorts for that period. [ 3 ] The Strategy is being passed by the Government of Republic of Macedonia latest by the 31 of March. [ 4 ] Based on the proposed Medium Term Fiscal Strategy the Ministry of Finance is suggesting the maximal sum of resources for the budgetary users of the cardinal authorities and the financess. [ 5 ] After the Medium Term Fiscal Strategy is adopted the Ministry of Transport is presenting instructions in signifier of Budget handbill to the unit users by the 15th of June and to the city managers of the local authorities by the 30th of September. [ 6 ] In footings of the Budget handbill, Draft plans for plans from the budget users are derived to budget users by the 15th of June. These programs are delivered to the Government by the 15th of July in the current twelvemonth and the Government is O.K.ing the same by the 15th of August. [ 7 ] The sanctioned program for plans together with extra paperss is derived to the Ministry of Finance by the 1st of September in the signifier of Budget application. [ 8 ] In the same footings, the Draft plans from the local authorities are delivered to the Council of the local authorities by the 20th of October and the same is O.K.ing the Draft program by the 15th of November of the current twelvemonth. ( Article 21-b ) . An underling rule that needs to be taken into history in footings of the legislative authorization and the executing of the budget defines the duty for fixing budget executings. [ 9 ] In Republic of Macedonia, the executing of the budgets of the different budget users is carried out harmonizing to the amalgamate fiscal programs and study on quarterly bases that the budget users are subjecting to the Treasury. The Treasury is so apportioning the sanctioned resources harmonizing to the one-fourth of the fiscal programs but transfers the fundss to the budget users on monthly footing. [ 10 ] Parliamentary power in footings of O.K.ing and executing Parliamentary power is another underlying rule of authoritativeness. The Ministry of Finance is presenting the Draft budget, incorporating general, specific and developmental portion [ 11 ] , to the Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia ( hereinafter Assembly ) latest by the 1st of November. The Assembly is O.K.ing the Budget latest by the 31st of December. In instances when the Budget has non been approved by the 31st of December of the current twelvemonth by Assembly, the Ministry of Finance approves use of resources for the period till the 31st of March for the undermentioned twelvemonth which should non transcend the sum of the resources used in the first one-fourth of the old twelvemonth. The sum spent in this period is included and decided from the concluding budget when the same 1 has been approved. However, if the budget still has nt been approved by the 31st of March in the current twelvemonth, the Assembly makes a determination for go oning the timely funding. [ 12 ] As mentioned in the old point I ) an implicit in rule of authoritativeness is the coverage on executing. In this portion since we look at the executing from the parliamentary side we besides need to look at the rhythm of coverage of the budget in Macedonia. In these footings, the executing of the Budget is regulated by Law for executing of the budget for the following twelvemonth which is passed after the blessing of the budget from the Assembly but non subsequently than the 31 of December of the current twelvemonth. This jurisprudence specifies the executing of budget that should be based on four chief rules viz. purpose-made, rational, economic and efficient executing. [ 13 ] Furthermore, the Law for accounting on the budgets in Article 28 and Article 29, the Government of Republic of Macedonia should subject its one-year study, after it has been approved by the Government, to the Assembly together with the one-year studies of the all its budgetary users no subsequently than 30th of June in the current twelvemonth for the budget of the old twelvemonth [ 14 ] . Separate one-year study for the budget and the budget users should be submitted to the Registry for Annual Account of the Central Register of Republic of Macedonia and to the State Audit Office by the terminal of February the current twelvemonth for the old twelvemonth. [ 15 ] Budget authorization in the fundamental law The Constitution of Republic of Macedonia provides the basic authorization of the Assembly and the Government in footings of the budget. Within these frames, in Article 91 and 68 defines the function of the Government and the Assembly in footings of the budget, viz. suggesting the budget, and following the democracy s budget and the one-year study. In add-on, the rule of amendment is of high of import as good when we discuses authoritativeness in footings of the Constitution. Jung and Ian in their paper Is there an Optimum Legal Framework for the Budget System? argue that in order to fulfill the democracy regulation of the county, amendment powers should be given to the parliament. [ 16 ] Looking at these amendment powers in Macedonia, it should be stated that the Draft budget can be amendment by each member of the parliament of groups of the Assembly. Copy of each amendment should be given to the members of the parliament before the start of each parliamentary argument. [ 17 ] As mentioned before, the Assembly is O.K.ing the Budget for the following twelvemonth by the terminal of the current twelvemonth, every bit good as the Law for executing of the budget for the following twelvemonth. Annual footing Looking at the one-year footing as a 2nd rule in of this model we are traveling to look at specification on the financial twelvemonth, whether revenue enhancement and other gross imposing governments are lasting or merely for the financial twelvemonth, whether some outgo governments are lasting, carryovers and adoptions from the following twelvemonth s budget. The budget of Republic of Macedonia and the budgets of the municipalities refer to period of one twelvemonth that starts at the 1st of January and ends at the 31st of December. In footings of revenue enhancement, harmonizing to the Law on revenue enhancements for the citizens [ 18 ] , all revenue enhancements are determined harmonizing the footing and the rates that are valid from the 1st of January in the twelvemonth for which these duties are being set. This implied, as stated by Jung and Ian that all revenue enhancement is for 12 months merely. [ 19 ] Outgos are every bit good non lasting as defined by the Legal model in Republic of Macedonia. As mentioned above all budget users need to subject programs for outgo to the Treasury in order to utilize their budgets. Furthermore, the Law on public internal alteration recognizes ex-ante and ex-post fiscal audit in this instance. [ 20 ] Ex-ante regulates the process by which no fiscal duty and outgo can be carried out prior an blessing from a higher degree public retainer. The ex-post regulates refers to a process of look intoing the minutess after they are wholly finished. The fresh sanctioned resources are non valid with the termination of the budget at the terminal of the financial twelvemonth as it is underlined in the Budgets Law. [ 21 ] As it was mentioned before the budget of Republic of Macedonia is divided into general, specific and developmental portion. In instances when approved resorts for plans and sub-programs from the developmental portion of the budget would non be used in the financial twelvemonth, the same are being transferred in the sum of 50 % to the undermentioned twelvemonth as already approved resorts. [ 22 ] Borrowing from the undermentioned twelvemonth s awaited budget is non applicable for the budget of Macedonia, because the system does non utilize Medium Term Expenditure Framework that would supply allotment of beginnings for several old ages. As it was defined above, the budget of Republic of Macedonia refers merely to one financial twelvemonth that starts on the 1st of January and ends on the 31st of December. Universality This rule represents the 2nd rule which importance should be mentioned in the Constitution, as stated by Jung and Ian. [ 23 ] In these footings the Constitution of Macedonia recognizes the levying governments of the local authorities in Macedonia nevertheless it does non acknowledge the outgo governments for the same. Harmonizing to Article 114 from the Constitution the local authorities is financed by ain beginnings of grosss determined by jurisprudence and by beginnings of the Government. [ 24 ] Article 117 of the Construction states the same rights in footings of the financing the unit by ain beginnings of gross for the City of Skopje, which represents specific unit of the local authorities defined by a specific jurisprudence. [ 25 ] However, the Constitution does non stipulate on the authorization for outgo of the local authorities. Jung and Ian in their paper every bit good indicate out to the demand of amalgamate gross fund where all grosss are received and all outgo are paid from. [ 26 ] For the intents of pull offing with the fiscal resorts of the Budget, the Ministry of Finance opens one individual Treasury history in the National Bank of Macedonia. The Budgets Law of Macedonia specifies that sub-accounts are created for the budget users and the unit user. [ 27 ] Harmonizing to Article 40 and 41, all grosss and outgos are recorded in the Main book of the Treasure. Furthermore, these articles province that the Main book of the Treasury and the Treasury history are being consolidated on regular footing, but it does non supply the period of consolidation. Exception to the catholicity rule in Macedonia can be seen in the extrabudgetary financess such as the Pension and Disability Insurance Fund of Macedonia, the Health Insurance Fund of Macedonia, the Fund for National and Regional Roads of the Republic of Macedonia, and the Employment Service Agency of the Republic of Macedonia which as this exclusion underscores should be included in separate Torahs. [ 28 ] Having said this it is of import to province the amalgamate budget of the cardinal Government and the extrabudgetary financess represent amount of the grosss and outgos of the cardinal budget and the budgets of the extrabudgetary financess, non speaking into history the budgets of the units of local self authorities, by ignoring the common transportations and the cardinal budget to the extrabudgetary financess and the transportations between the extrabudgetary financess themselves. However, with the alterations of the Law on accounting for the budgets and budget users from 2005, t he demand for fixing amalgamate budget has been removed. [ 29 ] Integrity The rule of integrity as defined by Jung and Ian that the budget to show all grosss and outgos at the same clip, every bit good as that the micro scheme should associate to the sanctioned outgo and grosss. [ 30 ] In these footings, Article 29 of the Budget Law states that the Draft budget of the Republic of Macedonia contains sketch of the micro indexs, economic policies including the policy for public investings and a sketch of the plans of the Government and the budget users. Specificity Specificity as a rule within this model refers to the inside informations of the budget estimations and to maximum outgos for specific intents of the budget, as presented by Jung and Ian. [ 31 ] . Similarly to the rule of integrity, the specificity can be besides found in the Article 29 of the Budget Law. [ 32 ] Here the jurisprudence refers to the Draft Budget as a papers that besides includes the sketch of the bill of exchange functional categorization, economic categorization and plans of the Government. Other paperss that are contained into the Draft Budget are Draft program for grosss and other grosss and approved outgos for the budget users ; Midterm Fiscal Framework including grosss and expected outgos, inside informations about the capital investings undertaking harmonizing plans, inside informations about the exposed dept at the beginning and the terminal of the twelvemonth every bit good as the new dept and its estimated payment. As mentioned in the first rule, the authoritativeness, the bill of exchange Midterm Fiscal Strategy that the Ministry of Finance is suggesting the maximal sum of resources for the budgetary users of the cardinal authorities and the financess which are subsequently approved by the Government and are added to the compete Draft Budget. [ 33 ] Furthermore, Article 34 from the Budget Law states that outgo can be increased or decreased. In instances when the budget users are necessitating increasing or decreasing of the sanctioned resources, they need to subject petition for alterations in the resorts to the Ministry of Finance. The jurisprudence nevertheless does non stipulate if merely certain plans can bespeak decreasing or increasing and the per centum of this alteration. In footings or the accounting system used for the budget, harmonizing to the International Federation of Accountants, Macedonia presently is the procedure of following the hard currency footing International Public Sector Accounting Standards ( IPSAS ) , will so travel to follow accumulations footing IPSAS [ 34 ] . This information has non been reference in the Budget Law or related Torahs that have been analyses for the intent of this paper. Balance In term of the balance Article 36 of the Budget Law defines the alterations and the amendments of the budgets [ 35 ] . In these footings, the Ministry of Finance in instance when the expected grosss and other grosss of the basic budget are being realized on a higher degree may transport out extra payments of the base and the involvement rate of the dept [ 36 ] . In instances when the Ministry of Finance evaluates the necessary redistribution is needed and that the execution of the grosss and other grosss significantly recede from program, it proposed to the Government alteration and amendment of the budget [ 37 ] . The Assembly based on the proposal of the Government carries out the alterations and the amendments latest by the 1st of September of the current twelvemonth. [ 38 ] During this process the certain sanctioned resources of the budget that are concerned with these alterations are stopped. Furthermore, harmonizing to Article 36-a from the Budget Law in instances when during the financial twelvemonth important budget discrepancy occur the Government upon a recommendation of the Ministry of Finance can halt the executing of some sanctioned resources for a period no longer than 45 yearss and the Assembly is informed. If in a period of 30 yearss conditions for regular executing of the budget are non created, the Government upon a recommendation of the Ministry of Finance is presenting Draft for alterations and amendments to budget to the Assembly. Accountability The rule of answerability when looking the budget system, foremost and foremost is defines on the Article 46 of the Budgets Law. This Article refers to the answerability for purpose-made use of the sanctioned resources. [ 39 ] The article states that the budget user and the unit users are required to the resources intentionally and are non allowed to transport out duties that exceed the sanctioned resorts of the budget [ 40 ] . Furthermore, when we discus accountability we need to look at who is responsible for the executing of the budget. As mentioned earlier in the paper, the budget users and the budget units are execution the budget which confirmed the underlying thought of the Article 46 of the Budgets Law mentioned in the old paragraph. In the frames of the executing, it is from importance to mentioned every bit good that the Ministry of Transport is subjecting mid-year study and concluding study to the Government for the executing of the budget [ 41 ] . It is of import to emphasize that particular portion in the executing and the audit over the executing, have the Ministry of Finance, the Treasury, the State Audit Office and the Internal Audit. In these footings the Law on Public Internal Revision recognizes ex-ante and ex-post fiscal audit [ 42 ] . The ex-ante as it was specified earlier in the paper regulates the process by which no fiscal duty and outgo can be carried out prior an blessing from a higher degree public retainer. The ex-post regulates refers to a process of look intoing the minutess after they are wholly finished. In footings of answerability the Budget Law besides specified deadlines that need to be met in the procedure of readying and the executing of the budget. Deadlines for describing on the same are besides given within the frames of the same jurisprudence. Law for accounting on the budgets in Article 28 and Article 29, the Government of Republic of Macedonia should subject its one-year study, after it has been approved by the Government, to the Assembly together with the one-year studies of the all its budgetary users no subsequently than 30th of June in the current twelvemonth for the budget of the old twelvemonth. The budgets and budgets users harmonizing to the Law for accounting on the budgets [ 43 ] are responsible for subjecting their one-year studies to the Central Register and to the State Audit Office until the terminal of February the current twelvemonth for the old. Transparency The rule of transparence is underlined in the Articles 53 and 54 of the Budgets Law of Macedonia. These articles define that the studies related to the executing of the Budget should be publish on the web site of the Ministry of Finance on monthly footing. In add-on, the Minister of Finance is subjecting the mid-year study on executing to the Government latest by the 31st of July during the current twelvemonth. [ 44 ] Article 54 provinces that the Budget and the Annual study on the budget are being published in the Official Gazette of Republic of Macedonia [ 45 ] . Extra regulations that define the rule of transparence are besides defined with the Law on free entree to information of public character. With this jurisprudence the citizens are accomplishing their constitutional right to free entree of information, the freedom to have information and portion information every bit good as the promotion in the work of the information keepers. [ 46 ] Stability The rule of stableness as defined by Jung and Ian refers largely to Medium Term Fiscal Strategy and its planning. Harmonizing to Article 16, the Medium Term Fiscal Strategy is planned for period of three old ages in order to suggest the waies and the ends of the financial policy and is finding the sum of the chief classs of the estimated grosss and approved resorts for that period [ 47 ] , where as Article 5 of the Budgets Law clearly defines that the budget refers to merely one financial twelvemonth that starts on the 1st of January and ends on the 31st of December. [ 48 ] Performance ( efficiency, economic system and effectivity ) The Budgets Law on Macedonia recognizes efficiency, economic system and effectivity as budget ends and chief rules. These rules refer to the process of readying, blessing and execution of the budget every bit good as to the coverage of the executing. In general, as provided by Article 3 from the Budgets Law, economic system implies that all sanctioned resources are used in timely mode, in appropriate sum, taking into history the monetary value and the quality [ 49 ] . Furthermore, the same article defines efficiency as the best ratio between the used resources and the achieved consequences, whereas the effectivity implies accomplishing the consequences and the coveted consequences. [ 50 ] Recommendation Duty for amalgamate balance of the Budget With the Law on alteration and amendment of the accounting of the budgets and budget users in 2005 the demand for outlining amalgamate balance of the budget has been abolished. Originating alteration in the statute law for returning this duty for outlining amalgamate one-year study would emphasize the importance of covering all of the entire grosss and outgos of the Republic, every bit good as the histories receivable and histories collectible. Strengthening the rules on specificity in footings of multi twelvemonth and appropriations of limitless continuance As defined by Jung and Ian some outgos require long term planning. [ 51 ] In these footings, the statute law environing the budgets system in Macedonia should clearly specify the conditions and footings of undertaking which are on multi-year footing which will let these undertakings to be approved every bit good on multi-year footing. Exceptions to gross recording The statute law behind the budget system of Macedonia does non indicate out to projections that are shown on a net footing. This as pointed by Ian and Jung can supply authorities bureaus to maximise gross [ 52 ] and might supply strong inducements to project grosss realistically and guarantee aggregation as projected [ 53 ] . Furthermore, this will besides beef up the transparence and insure stronger responsibly of the disposal in Macedonia. Development of capital budgeting The development of the capital budgeting would indicate to specific attempts and entire coordination of all budget establishments. Overall planning of the capital undertaking represent important of import for timely and successful realisation of these undertakings. Showing the undertakings as separate capital routines together with the kineticss of realisation of the undertakings by old ages and months will supply justification for the undertakings, and as reference will add to timely execution to the activities of these undertakings. The purpose of the Ministry of Finance will be to guarantee that activities environing activities of the capital undertaking would non be postponed and at the same clip will guarantee timely payment of these activities. Bettering the transparence Even thought Macedonia can see betterments in the transparence thought the publication of the appropriate paperss underlined in the statute law in Macedonia on the official web site of the Ministry of Finance, it is of import these publication to be in line with the deadlines given in the Budget jurisprudence. [ 54 ] The Government might see publication every bit good the Sublimate of the budget every bit good the Medium Term Fiscal Strategy and macroeconomic policy. Improvement of the strategic planning Even though there is a clear budget calendar in the Budget Law of Macedonia, this frame frequently is non obliged the budget users. In these footings, the strategic planning demands to be adjusted to the budget procedure in entire. Possible alterations might be made in the accommodations with the strategic planning in a manner that the budget users will present sector precedences which so can be applied to the strategic precedences and will convey easiness to the planning procedure. Limits of the budgetary user s budgets Even thought the Ministry of Finance started puting up bounds and controls these bounds for the budget users, the budget users themselves concentrate on maximising the absolute volumes of the fiscal resources because the deficiency of steps of public presentation. In these footings, the Ministry of Finance might see altering the budget as a whole from line up to public presentation, which might stand for an extra load to the disposal and make extra jobs in the budget system in Macedonia, or might see presenting steps for public presentation that would non alter the budget as a whole but would convey elements of public presentation measuring in order to guarantee more realistic budgets. Jung, Moo-Kyung and Ian Lienert. 2004. Is there an Optimum Legal Framework for the Budget System? In The Legal Framework for Budget Systems: An International Comparison, erectile dysfunction. Jon R. Blondal. Particular Issue, OECD Journal on Budgeting, 4, no. 3: 125-152 Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 14 Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 16 Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 18 Ibid. Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 19 Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 21-a Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 22 Furthermore, the Budget application contents the undermentioned paperss: Filled Circular, Strategic program for budget users, Plan for public procurance, Approved program for plans accompanied by elaborate justifications, Plan on systematic and filled employments of the budget user and other paperss harmonizing the demands and waies given in the Budget curricular. Jung, Moo-Kyung and Ian Lienert. 2004. Is there an Optimum Legal Framework for the Budget System? In The Legal Framework for Budget Systems: An International Comparison, erectile dysfunction. Jon R. Blondal. Particular Issue, OECD Journal on Budgeting, 4, no. 3: 125-152 Law on executing of the budget of Republic of Macedonia for 2009 ( Zakon za izvrsuvanje na budgetot za 2009 ) . 2008. Official Gazette 166/08 Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 30 Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 32 Law on executing of the budget of Republic of Macedonia for 2009 ( Zakon za izvrsuvanje na budgetot za 2009 ) . 2008. Official Gazette 166/08 Law on accounting of budgets and budget users ( Zakon za smetkovodstvo za budgetite I bidgetskite korisnici ) . 2002. Official Gazette 61/02, article 28. Law on accounting of budgets and budget users ( Zakon za smetkovodstvo za budgetite I bidgetskite korisnici ) . 2002. Official Gazette 61/02, article 29 Jung, Moo-Kyung and Ian Lienert. 2004. Is there an Optimum Legal Framework for the Budget System? In The Legal Framework for Budget Systems: An International Comparison, erectile dysfunction. Jon R. Blondal. Particular Issue, OECD Journal on Budgeting, 4, no. 3: 125-152. Zidas Daskalovski et al. , Guide to budgets ( Skopje: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2006 ) . Law on revenue enhancements of the citizens ( Zakon za danocite na graganite ) . 1992. Official Gazette 79/92, article 4 Jung, Moo-Kyung and Ian Lienert. 2004. Is there an Optimum Legal Framework for the Budget System? In The Legal Framework for Budget Systems: An International Comparison, erectile dysfunction. Jon R. Blondal. Particular Issue, OECD Journal on Budgeting, 4, no. 3: 125-152. Law on public internal fiscal control ( Zakon za javna vnatresna finansiska kontrola ) . 2009. Official Gazette 90/09. Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 7. Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 10. Jung, Moo-Kyung and Ian Lienert. 2004. Is there an Optimum Legal Framework for the Budget System? In The Legal Framework for Budget Systems: An International Comparison, erectile dysfunction. Jon R. Blondal. Particular Issue, OECD Journal on Budgeting, 4, no. 3: 125-152. Fundamental law of Republic of Macedonia. Fundamental law of the Republic of Macedonia Jung, Moo-Kyung and Ian Lienert. 2004. Is there an Optimum Legal Framework for the Budget System? In The Legal Framework for Budget Systems: An International Comparison, erectile dysfunction. Jon R. Blondal. Particular Issue, OECD Journal on Budgeting, 4, no. 3: 125-152. Budgets jurisprudence ( Zakon za budgetite ) . 2005. Official Gazette 64/05, article 39 The exclusion of the catholicity principles says that extrabudgetary financess need to be included in the budget system jurisprudence or in separate Torahs. In these footings the four different financess in Macedonia, Pension and Disability Insurance Fund of Macedonia, Health Insurance Fund of Macedonia, Fund for National and Regional Roads of the R

Did Your SAT Score Go Down Whats a Normal Drop and Whats Not

Did Your SAT Score Go Down What's a Normal Drop and What's Not SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Trying to figure out why your SAT score went down on a retake? Or are you just wondering how much an SAT score can drop if you retake the test? Find out the likelihood of an SAT score decrease, how much your SAT score could decrease by, and how to make sure your score goes up, not down. Also, learn how to compare a score from the Old SAT (which was scored out of 2400) with a current SAT score (which is out of 1600) to see if your score decreased in the transition. How Likely Is an SAT Score Drop? College Board released data specifically on juniors who retook the old version of the SAT as seniors – so if you’re younger this might not apply exactly to you, though you can expect the same general principles to hold. According to that data on SAT retakes: 55 percent of juniors taking the test improved their scores as seniors 35 percent had score drops 10 percent had no change So while we don't have any data yet about the New SAT, it's important to keep this information from the old SAT in mind. Basically, the higher a student's scores were as a junior, the more likely it was that the student's subsequent scores would drop. The lower the initial scores, the more likely it was that the scores will go up. On average, juniors repeating the SAT as seniors improved their combined Critical Reading, Mathematics, and Writing scores by approximately 40 points. About 1 in 25 gained 100 or more points on Critical Reading or Mathematics, and about 1 in 90 lost 100 or more points. So the odds are if you retake the SAT, your score will increase – just over half of these students had a score increase. But this increase isn't huge, just 40 composite points. Plus, it’s also not unlikely that your score will either stay the same or drop (45% of retakes in College Board’s study). It’s unlikely you’ll lose more than 100 points on one section – meaning a 200 point decrease is about the max you should expect, and anything larger is cause for serious concern. Be Careful if You Start Out With a Higher Score (680+) According to this table from College Board, if you initially earned a section score of 680 or higher, you're the most likely to lose points on an SAT retake. The Writing section has the biggest average drop, of 15 points. The average drop in Critical Reading is 4 points, and there is actually an average gain in Math of 4 points. However, looking at the breakdown of score increases and decreases, students who scored 680 or higher the first time are the most likely to see SAT point decreases of 20 to 40 or even 50 to 70 points. So if your section scores are 680 or higher, since you’re in the category most likely to see a score decrease, you should be very careful when studying for your retake. Did My Score Drop Between the Old and New SAT? If you took the Old SAT and the current SAT, it can be hard to interpret and compare your two scores. As a brief refresher, the Old SAT had three sections (Critical Reading, Math, and Writing) each worth 800 points, for a total of 2400 possible points. The current SAT has two sections, Math and Evidence-Based Reading and Writing. Each section is worth 800 points for a total of 1600 possible points. (Get a complete guide to SAT scoring right here.)Let's take an example. Say you took the old SAT in January 2016 and got the following scores:Critical Reading: 640Math: 620Writing: 680Total Composite: 1940You decide to retake the SAT. On the current SAT, you get the following scores:Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW): 660Math: 740Total Composite: 1400Just eyeballing it, it's clear that your Math performance went way up between the two tests. After all, 740 is much higher than 620! But comparing the other sections is a bit murkier. Your EBRW score of 660 is higher than your old SAT C ritical Reading performance but lower than your old SAT Writing performance. So which test did you do best on? How does a 1940 out of 2400 compare to a 1400 out of 1600? Using our New SAT Score conversion chart, we can get an idea.Based on these estimates, a 1940 old SAT score would map to a 1360current SAT score. Meanwhile, a 1400 current SAT score would map to a 2060 old SAT score. So it turns out the new SAT score is stronger than the old one.If you're comparing an old SAT score with a current score, compare the individual section scores Math with Math and Critical Reading/Writing with Evidence-Based Reading and Writing. But also use the conversion chart to compare your final composite scores.To take another example, if you got a 2000 on the old SAT and a 1200 on the current SAT, your score would have actually gone down in the transition. (A 2000 composite maps to a 1430 current SAT score, while a 1200 maps to just an 1660 on the old SAT.) So make sure to use the conversion chart to compare your performance on the two tests! Why Would My Score Decrease? We’ll separate this discussion into smaller score drops (up to 100 points off your composite) and larger drops. Essentially, the bigger the score drop, the more serious the issue you have to address. We'll discuss what could have gone wrong on your retake, and how to make sure a subsequent SAT retake goes better. Statistically Likely Drops (Up to 100 Points Down) The first thing to consider, even though it may seem counterintuitive, is that maybe you did better than expected the first time you took the SAT. Maybe you had particularly good luck and guessed correctly on lots of questions, or you connected better with the Reading passages. So your lower SAT retake score, rather than being a sign that you got worse, could just be a correction to your surprisingly high first time score. However, it’s also possible you had decent luck the first time but bad luck on your retake. For example, if you earned 50 raw points on Math last time for a score of 700, but ran out of time and missed six more Math questions the second time, your raw score of 44 would get you a 650 – a 50-point drop. In other words, missing just six questions can translate to a 50-point section drop. Even small score changes can have a large effect on your final composite. This can easily happen if you face a tough Reading passage you don’t vibe with or a few tougher math questions. How unlucky you get is also affected by how long you studied for your retake – the less time you put in, the more likely it is you’ll make the same mistakes and additionally be open to bad luck. Or you may forget about mistakes you are prone to making. Also, how did you study? If you didn’t include enough strictly-timed test practice, you could have struggled with timing on your retake, which leads to point drops. Plus, if you spent all your time studying for your worst section, you may see score drops on the other one, leading to an overall composite drop. Putting in a bunch of time to improve a low Math score won't help your overall composite if your EBRW score is much lower the second time. Also, did your test center have problems? Not getting the proper amount of time on a few sections or dealing with noise or uncomfortable temperature can affect your score (learn how to report a test center here). Finally, the reason could have been more personal – maybe you slept less before your SAT retake or weren’t feeling well that day. Whatever the case, you should try and figure out what could have gone wrong for you if you’re thinking about retaking the SAT for a third time. Large Drops (Between 100 and 200 Points Down) If your composite drops by this much, you likely have a more serious problem you should identify. It could be you’re using a new strategy that doesn’t work for you, especially if the point drop came mainly from one section. For example, did you try going straight to the questions on the Reading section rather than reading the passage first, or plugging in answers for Math instead of solving with algebra? A strategy that works for one student could cause another to waste time and lose points. (This is why we recommend doing a ton of practice problems as part of your SAT study regimen: so you can try out different strategies and find what works for you.) If the point drops were spread out between the two sections, it could be your guessing strategy and/or timing were worse this time around. Or maybe your testing conditions were markedly worse this time – again, read about possible test center violations here. Or perhaps you were feeling particularly stressed, sick, or nervous on your retake. In short, something happened to affect your overall test performance. You should work on identifying what you think went wrong before retaking the SAT again (if you decide to) if you saw a point drop this large. Very Large Drops (200 Points or More) From the data above, only 1 in 90 students will see a score decrease this dramatic. In other words, something is very seriously going wrong for you – whether it’s your test strategy, a bad test center, or maybe even a mis-scoring. If your SAT score is in free fall, you have a serious problem... If you saw the score drop on just one section – say your Math score fell from 660 to 460 – that’s a huge red flag. You may have tried out a new strategy on that section that was very ineffective. But it’s more likely that you might have messed up filling in your answers – maybe you got off by one line when bubbling in, for example. This could cause you to get a ton of questions wrong, resulting in an enormous score drop. If the score drop was spread between sections – roughly a 100-point drop in each – that speaks to a test-wide problem. Maybe you struggled with timing, used an ineffective guessing strategy, or were feeling unwell on test day. Or maybe your test center was particularly bad this time around. You need to figure out what went wrong so that if you do attempt to retake the SAT again, you can increase your odds of getting a better score. Finally, consider College Board’s Score Verification program if you saw a huge score drop on an SAT retake but can’t figure out what could have caused it. You’ll have to pay extra for the service, but the amount will be refunded if College Board did in fact mis-score your test. So definitely consider this option if you think your test was mis-scored. How to Prevent an SAT Score Decrease We've discussed why an SAT score can drop on a retake. But how can you make sure that your SAT score goes up if you retake the test? Follow our advice below to make sure your retake is successful. 1. Focus on Your Weak Points One benefit of retaking the SAT is that you can use your score report from the first time around to analyze your weak spots. You want to make sure you get the points you missed the first time around when you retake the SAT, so spend some time analyzing your first score report. To take an example, if your Math score was a 650 the first time, and your goal is to get 700 or higher on your retake, look closely at your score report. The SAT score report not only gives your final composite score, it breaks down how many questions you got correct and incorrect and in what areas. For example, you'll be able to see if you missed more Math questions in Heart of Algebra or Passport to Advanced Math. Based on that knowledge, work on filling the knowledge gaps that prevented you from getting a higher score. The more point gains you can make, the less likely your score will decrease on a retake. So what can you do to improve a low section score? Check out these section-by-section guides: SAT Reading The Ultimate Study Guide for SAT Reading How to Stop Running Out of Time on SAT Reading SAT Math The Best SAT Math Prep Books Browse Math Help by Topic: Statistics, Fractions, and More SAT Writing The Complete Prep Guide for SAT Writing The Best SAT Writing Prep Books 2. Don’t Neglect Your Strong Areas Even though it’s important to improve your weak points, don’t ignore the parts of the SAT you think you have in the bag. It’s not unlikely that your highest section score could drop if you don’t study for it. Especially if you did fairly well on your first SAT (680 or higher on any section), it’s pretty likely you will see some score decreases the second time around. So you need to be practicing for the entire test to prevent your overall SAT composite from dropping. To continue our example, even if you get your Math score up to 700, if your EBRW score drops by 50 points (which is a statistically likely drop), your composite won’t improve. Or it could drop! So how do you practice for the entire test? Make sure you’re familiar with SAT timing and SAT scoring so you know how much time you can spend per question, and the raw points you need on each section to reach your score goal. Also, make taking full, strictly-timed practice tests a regular part of your study routine. Which brings us to the third point... 3. Practice, Practice, Practice Don’t underestimate your second try at the SAT! Even though you’ve taken (and studied) for the test once before, you’ll need to keep working hard if you want to earn a higher score on your retake. Getting lots of SAT practice in will reduce the score variation caused by harder/easier test questions or good/bad luck on test day. Time yourself carefully whenever you take practice SAT sections (or full practice exams). Set target raw scores for each section and keep practicing until you hit them consistently. Also, be ruthless about analyzing your mistakes. Don’t just grade practice problems quickly and then move on. Figure out why you got a question wrong and what you can do to make sure you never get it wrong again. (For more on analyzing your wrong answers, I highly recommend Allen Cheng's guide to getting a perfect SAT score.) 4. Don't Forget Logistics Finally, you should make sure outside factors don’t mess with your SAT retake score. Even if you study effectively, a bad test center or lack of sleep could hurt your score. Make sure you’re using the best test center for you. Also be sure that you’re getting enough sleep and following the guidelines to be ready the morning of the test. Last-minute cramming the night before the SAT won’t improve your score! Finally, give yourself enough time before a retake – if you retake the SAT on the next possible test date, you might not give yourself enough time to practice and improve. Consider giving yourself between two to four months to study for your retake to ensure your score will go up. What’s Next? Check out SAT tips from our resident full-scorer. If you follow these guidelines, even if you’re not going for a 2400, your score will almost certainly increase. Learn more about how the SAT is scored to know how many questions you need to get correct for a score increase. Also read more about SAT timing to make sure your pacing is fast enough. Want some more motivation for studying for an SAT retake? Read about SAT scores for the Ivy League and scholarships you can earn for high SAT scores. Do you have a hard time sticking to your SAT study plan? Learn how to beat procrastination once and for all! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Halle Edwards About the Author Halle Edwards graduated from Stanford University with honors. In high school, she earned 99th percentile ACT scores as well as 99th percentile scores on SAT subject tests. She also took nine AP classes, earning a perfect score of 5 on seven AP tests. As a graduate of a large public high school who tackled the college admission process largely on her own, she is passionate about helping high school students from different backgrounds get the knowledge they need to be successful in the college admissions process. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. No spam ever. hbspt.forms.create({ portalId: '360031', formId: '2167ba30-e68e-4777-b88d-8bf3c84579af', formInstanceId: '2', submitButtonClass: 'btn-red-light btn', target: '#hubspot-container2', redirectUrl: 'http://ww2.prepscholar.com/blog-subscribe-thank-you', css: '.post-bottom .hs-form.stacked label {display:none;} .post-bottom .hs-form.stacked .field div.input {padding-top: 55px; padding-left: 300px;} .post-bottom .hs-input {width: 220px} .post-bottom .btn-primary, .hs-button.primary {margin-top:0px; padding-left:350px} .post-bottom .hs-form-field {margin-bottom:5px}' }); $(function(){ $(".exclusive-tip-form #hubspot-container2 label").hide(); }); function replace_tag(a, b){ $(a).each(function(index) { var thisTD = this; var newElement = $(""); $.each(this.attributes, function(index) { $(newElement).attr(thisTD.attributes[index].name, thisTD.attributes[index].value); }); $(this).after(newElement).remove(); }); } $(function(){ replace_tag($(".posts-by-topic h3"), "h2"); }) Ask a Question BelowHave any questions about this article or other topics? Ask below and we'll reply! Search the Blog Search jQuery(function(){ var $ = jQuery; var url = 'http://google.com/search?q=site:' + location.protocol + '//' + location.hostname + ' '; var $searchModule = $('.hs-search-module.2cd9c2b8-16cc-4149-8208-04af7ef694a6'); var $input = $searchModule.find('input'); var $button = $searchModule.find('.hs-button.primary'); if (false) { $input.val(decodeURIComponent(location.pathname.split('/').join(' ').split('.').join(' ').split('-').join(' ').split('_').join(''))); } $button.click(function(){ var newUrl = url + $input.val(); var win = window.open(newUrl, '_blank'); if (win) { //Browser has allowed it to be opened win.focus(); } else { //Browser has blocked it location.href = newUrl; } }); $input.keypress(function(e){ if (e.keyCode !== 13) return; e.preventDefault(); $button.click(); }); }); Improve With Our Famous Guides SATPrep ACTPrep For All Students The 5 Strategies You Must Be Using to Improve 160+ SAT Points How to Get a Perfect 1600, by a Perfect Scorer Series: How to Get 800 on Each SAT Section: Score 800 on SAT Math Score 800 on SAT Reading Score 800 on SAT Writing Series: How to Get to 600 on Each SAT Section: Score 600 on SAT Math Score 600 on SAT Reading Score 600 on SAT Writing Free Complete Official SAT Practice Tests What SAT Target Score Should You Be Aiming For? 15 Strategies to Improve Your SAT Essay The 5 Strategies You Must Be Using to Improve 4+ ACT Points How to Get a Perfect 36 ACT, by a Perfect Scorer Series: How to Get 36 on Each ACT Section: 36 on ACT English 36 on ACT Math 36 on ACT Reading 36 on ACT Science Series: How to Get to 24 on Each ACT Section: 24 on ACT English 24 on ACT Math 24 on ACT Reading 24 on ACT Science What ACT target score should you be aiming for? ACT Vocabulary You Must Know ACT Writing: 15 Tips to Raise Your Essay Score How to Get Into Harvard and the Ivy League How to Get a Perfect 4.0 GPA How to Write an Amazing College Essay What Exactly Are Colleges Looking For? Is the ACT easier than the SAT? A Comprehensive Guide Should you retake your SAT or ACT? When should you take the SAT or ACT? Michael improved by 370 POINTS! Find Out How Stay Informed Get the latest articles and test prep tips! Looking for Graduate School Test Prep? Check out our top-rated graduate blogs here: GRE Online Prep Blog GMAT Online Prep Blog TOEFL Online Prep Blog

How to Perform a Dissertation Literature Review

How to Perform a Dissertation Literature Review The In-Depth Guide of a Dissertation Literature Review When you have such a complex academic assignment as a dissertation literature review, first make sure you are ready to follow all the instructions and guides to prepare a perfect dissertation paper. A literature review provides a critical examination of all the sources used, which are related to your dissertation topic. In order to provide a proper dissertation paper, there should be an impressive list of sources and their detailed description. There are numerous definitions of a literature review and the ways in which it is supposed to be written. At the same time, a proper literature review is a kind of detailed summary of the used important sources. A literature review requires an explanation of the sources, their importance for a research project and the way a writer interpret the information gathered in listed sources. Since a literature review is more than just a simple summary, it reveals the main arguments found in the mentioned sources and the expectations about the used materials. A writer can use information collected in mentioned sources to provide a new perspective on a classic research paper or use its old interpretations. A literature review brings needed information and opinions related to the materials and their importance for a certain research project. A literature review is an attempt to summarize and provide a critical analysis of the research arguments found in the analyzed sources. There are many differences between an academic paper and a literature review since a review is just a part of an object of a research paper. The literature review in a research paper remains a basis of the entire research since offers primary materials and data needed for further analyses. In a literature review, you summarize and provide a critical analysis of the research arguments found in the checked sources. The Importance of a Literature Review A literature review is an attempt to summarize and provide a critical analysis of the research arguments found in the analyzed sources. A literature review brings needed information and opinions related to the materials and their importance for a certain research project. It is an essential part of every dissertation paper and its basis, in fact. A writer can use information collected in sources to provide a new perspective on a classic research paper or use its old interpretations. It helps to make the entire research really purposeful and aimed at proving or ruining an existed theories in a certain field of science. How to Perform a Dissertation Literature Review If you want to prepare a proper dissertation literature review, it is important to deal first with the definition of a literature review and its main characteristics. Further, you must identify your sources, read them carefully, and re-read in order to get all the needed arguments and information. You also need to analyze all the gathered materials, distinguish what results they reveal, and what results are missing. After such a brainstorming stage, you can start performing your dissertation literature review. Identify Sources This is the exact stage where you select proper sources to use in your dissertation paper. This is a very important part of your work, thus be careful to choose only those sources, which are reliable and related to your chosen dissertation’s topic. List parameters and characteristics of the needed materials to select sources properly. Moreover, you need to take into account the required methodology and type of studies, whether quantitative or qualitative. A literature review provides a critical examination of all the sources used, which are related to your dissertation topic. In order to provide a proper dissertation paper, there should be an impressive list of sources and their detailed description. When you first deal with your sources, do not forget to organize them properly according to the assigned formatting style. It will greatly save you a time needed further for a paper performing process. You can use advanced modern tools and applications to organize your sources properly. Read Your Sources Once organizing your sources properly and dealing with formatting style, it is time to read and re-read all the sources in order to find the needed important data and research results. It is important to get the main point of the materials and the main arguments. You need to show your critical thinking since a literature review is a critical analysis of sources. Reveal your academic opinion, main hypothesis, arguments, etc. Analyze Sources and Consider Gaps in the Research One of the main processes within a literature review preparation is the identification of the research gaps. You need to learn carefully all the gathered material, distinguish what results they reveal, and what results are missed. After such a brainstorming stage, you can start performing your dissertation literature review. You can look through sources checking what possible missed gaps you can fulfill with your personal research project results. Therefore, identification of the research gaps is important for your dissertation paper performing and its top goals and research approaches. Surely, it can be difficult to identify research gaps, but it is crucial for a proper research questions formulation. Therefore, there are a few ways to identify research gaps:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Start by reading. This is the simplest approach, which allows checking all the materials carefully and listing the main achieved results and research gaps. You can use advanced online tools like Google Scholars to have a quick look and check the analyzed sources fast.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Recommendations and abstracts. Reading an abstract helps to get the main sense of the provided material and distinguish the lacking parts and arguments. The quick examination of the sources can be very beneficial for finding the research gaps. The introduction and conclusions’ paragraphs can be as much informative as an abstract. Performing a Literature Review You can start writing a review once dealing with the identification of the gaps and the main research questions planning. Follow the next pointers to prepare a review: Use samples of literature reviews. You can use various samples of the dissertation literature reviews to deal with this essential part of the paper. Use simple and clear language. You need to keep everything simple in order to write a perfect literature review. There is no need for excessive information, just put clear and concise explanations and descriptions. Use only current sources. When preparing literature reviews, make sure to deal with reliable and current sources since you demonstrate a modern point of view. The current sources bring additional information and explanations, thus using them is crucial for an entire research project. Organize your work properly. When you first deal with your sources, do not forget to organize them properly according to the assigned formatting style. If will greatly save you a time needed further for a paper performing process if you start a paper’s formatting from the very first written sentences. You can use advanced modern tools and applications to organize your sources properly. When organizing a literature review, focus on the proper structure of a dissertation literature review and its core elements, like body paragraphs and conclusions. The literature review consists of the main elements of every academic paper, including introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusions. When performing a review, make sure to provide a strong introduction. Additionally, make it short and focused. Provide the informative paragraphs of the body. A literature review provides a critical examination of all the sources used, which are related to your dissertation topic. In order to provide a proper dissertation paper, there should be an impressive list of sources and their detailed description. When preparing paragraphs of the body, put an in-depth discussion into the body paragraphs. Choose how to organize your body part elements properly according to the theme, methodology, or even to chronological order. Write practical conclusions. To provide a proper dissertation paper’s conclusions, learn carefully the provided list of sources and their detailed description. Organize them properly according to the assigned formatting style. When writing the final words of your dissertation literature reviews, make sure to include a summary of the literature implications, and link them to your arguments. A literature review is a short summary of the literature sources used, which requires an explanation of the sources, their importance for a research project and the way the writers interpret the information gathered in listed sources. Since a literature review is more than just a simple summary, it reveals the main arguments found in the mentioned sources and the expectations about the used materials. A literature review brings needed information and opinions related to the materials and their importance for a certain research project. Moreover, a literature review is an attempt to summarize and provide a critical analysis of the research arguments found in the analyzed sources. Use the following tips and guides on writing a perfect dissertation literature review:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Provide gathered information about the writer’s opinion and never simply describe them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Use various techniques to structure the body of your literature review.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Use strong argumentation and evidence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Be quite selective when checking sources.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Do not use too many direct quotes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Provide your own opinion and an objective point of view.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Check a review a few times before submitting to deliver flawless and original work.

What Are the Political, Economic and Social Challenges of Women in the Assignment - 1

What Are the Political, Economic and Social Challenges of Women in the Developing World - Assignment Example By allowing women to have a voice with respect to the political process, a whole new range of political perspective is opened up for analysis. Conversely, culture itself oftentimes plays an even more powerful role than does the democratization of a nation. For this reason, in nations where the harsh constraints of a conservative interpretation of religion is the norm, it is likely that even if women have the right to vote, the traditional cultural understanding of gender roles and the female’s place within society will be primarily interpreted through such a cultural lens and therefore work to diminish the overall rights enjoyed by women on aggregate. Such examples of the constricting role of culture within the political sphere can aptly be recognized in multiple regions the world over; oftentimes the result of the prevalence of extreme adherence to a particular form of religious belief. 2. What are the political, economic and social challenges of women in the developing world ? (5pts) Such an impediment strongly reduces the competitiveness of society in terms of the global economy. Furthermore, as previously discussed, the key political challenge that women face within many developing countries is under-representation in the political process; either due to a systemic form of sexism or a cultural tradition that does not put a high level of emphasis on women in positions of authority and/or power. As such, without the requisite representation of women in the political process, it is hard to generate a degree of interest among the female electorate the commit to participation due to the fact that there is little interest in a process that they may otherwise see as completely male-dominated (Adjei et al 234).  

Ga Kpanlogo and Ewe.Traditional West African dance and music Research Paper

Ga Kpanlogo and Ewe.Traditional West African dance and music techniques - Research Paper Example Comparison of Ga Kpanlogo and Ewe Drumming culture Ga Kpanlogo and Ewe are more or less Ghanaian cultures and they are West African in nature. Ga Kpanlogo has its origin in the capital city of Ghana, Accra, given this is the traditional home of the Ga people whose culture is manifested here (Lewis 2002, p.5). This type of dance can be termed as the urban youth dance and drumming. In addition, it is mainly a symbol of commitment among the rapidly growing youth in the capital of Ghana. This is due to the advocacy nature of the culture while trying to shape the political vision of the post-colonial Africa (Music 2001, p.10). Ewe music and drumming, on the other hand, are a combination of musical and drumming activities of the Ewe people of Ghana, Togo and Benin. This community throughout West Africa is known for drumming and their mode is in the form of a sophistication of cross rhythms and polyrhythm borrowing some of their similarities from jazz and Afro-Caribbean music. This form of drumming embraces diversity and therefore, the drums and music are played in so many different ways depending on where the group playing it originates. The Ewe drumming culture is composed of several drums, a bell and a rattle, and this will be different from Ga Kpanlogo, which is generally composed of drums. Each group of complete Ewe drumming is composed of a master drum together with other secondary drums and an iron bell (Lewis 2002, p.8). The Ewe people do not only have a complex drumming culture but also a complex way of their living. One of their beliefs is that if one person is good at drumming and dancing, then i t is because they inherited it from an ancestor who was good at it. It is important to realize that for both the Ga Kpanlogo and the Ewe music systems, they exhibit 16 voices in their voice notations in terms of their female and male voices. It is notable that the music and drumming cultures of the two societies have some aspects in common. The two forms of drumming and music relate to the belief systems of their respective societies. For example, in the Ewe people music helps them reconnect with their ancestors as they feel the power of life. The aspect of ancestors is quite fundamental to the people of Ewe as they possess the ability to define an individual’s destiny, hence they must be pleased through music (Music 2001, p.13). Secondly, both the group music and drumming culture are aesthetic. For example, the Ewe considers powerful music as good music. This is as the force of drumming helps people remember their past victories as very important concepts. The drumming and m usic of the two communities are a significant symbol of their history as well. In the past for example, drumming helped the Ewe people achieve their freedom from their captors through the blessings from their ancestors (Burns 2006, p.24-6). According to this culture, music is a destiny manifested as a gift from the ancestors. For the two communities, music is used for and during special functions such as during war, at funerals and for rituals for the ancestors in the society. After such functions are over, other genres are put in place for continuity (Rentink 2002, p.31-8). Ga Kpanlogo, as played by the Ga ethnic group most of whom live in Accra, existed in the recreational dance and music. It has since spread as bushfire throughout the country, which began just as a mere creative dance (Agawu 1987, p.9). As opposed to the Ewe dance and music, which were influenced by Afro-Caribbean music and jazz, this form of

Strength of material Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strength of material - Essay Example Yet another factor that impacts the nature of loading is the stresses, deflections and strains that the structure is subjected to. One engineering component may be subjected to strains, stresses and/or torsion at the same time, forces acting at different points according to Melchers and Hough (364). When a system is subjected a myraid of loads of this nature, the system is said to be subjected to complex loads. Some systems that commonly experience complex loading include bridges, building roof structures, differential units and shafts, just to mention a few. Figure 1: showing the structure of a bridge; different components of the bridge subjected to tension, compression, strains and stresses Courtesy http://www.300thcombatengineersinwwii.com/bridges.html Engineers have always communicated through drawings to convey messages relating to the nature and design of components and structures. In the analysis of engineering structures and components, care is usually taken to avoid failure that results due to several factors including loading and corrossion. The analysis of the forces that act on engineering structures began with the use of drawings, lines and arrows representing forces that were resolved somehow to come up with solutions or results. Superpositioning as a method of analysis has also been employed in analysing engineering components and normally involves the overlapping of forces (Courses.washington p1).

Advanced Business Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Advanced Business Structure - Essay Example e contained within a business model should address all functions of a company such as operating cost, revenues, operating strategies, corporate structure and sales and marketing measures. Twitter is finally stepping up and moving into the world where real businesses stride and this led to launch o the advertising model.Biz Stone the co founder of twitter posted a blog entry about unveiling the new promoted tweets advertising policy. Users will start seeing paid messages that will be labelled promoted. Ten percent or more will be able to see the promoted messages. Twitter will be in corroboration with bravo, red bull, Sony pictures, starbucks, best buy and virgin America which will initiate the first adverts. The founders of twitter believe that promoted tweets will not be rejected by twitter users because it will have built in quality features that reward tweets. Search business type, it acquired the search engine in the summer of 2008 which is common. It had the potential to subdue tweet’s servers, to such an extent that the first year, they did not set up a search box but hid the feature. This search is highly significant, as proven during the current Iran disruption when twitter was among few ways of getting words out (Siau, 74). E-commerce, many companies have used this method example Dell has sold millions of dollars worth of equipment through twitter. BTB customer support business model, best buy and Twitter began an experiment with @ TwelpForce. This enabled them to have thirteen thousand followers. This service ensures that all customer’s questions and enquires are answered. This is known to be the future of customer communications. Twitter 101, this is a sizeable lesson for companies to do business using twitter. This enables the company to find monetize their traffic. Verified accounts, twitter is known to be the first with verified accounts plan payment that verify clients are carrying out transactions with the company they are searching for and